Sand casting is a versatile metal casting process in which molten metal is poured into a mold cavity formed from sand. This method is widely used due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to produce complex shapes of varying sizes and materials, including iron, steel, aluminum, and bronze. The sand mold can be created using green sand or resin-coated sand, and after the metal solidifies, the mold is broken to retrieve the final casting. Sand castings are commonly used in industries such as automotive, mining, construction, and machinery manufacturing. The process is suitable for both low and high-volume production, and can accommodate large-scale parts like engine blocks, pump housings, valve bodies, and industrial components. Key advantages include design flexibility, short lead times, and the ability to cast ferrous and non-ferrous metals with good dimensional accuracy and surface finish when properly controlled.